Research at IBL

The Institute for Business Organisation and Logistics (IBL) has been actively involved in the ‘Industry 4.0’ research area at Ulm University of Technology (THU) for many years. The focus is on practical, application-oriented projects relating to the digital transformation of industrial processes.

Past and current activities include, among others, the projects “Industry 4.0 from a Suitcase” and “ZAFH Intralogistics”, the collaborative doctoral programme “Cognitive Computing in Socio-Technical Systems”, and the current project “LCA4All”

In addition, the institute participates in internal research initiatives and student projects that are closely linked to the fields of Industry 4.0, digitalisation and intelligent systems.

Research activities

  1. Establishment of a Learning Factory:

    The institute is currently expanding its logistics laboratory into a learning factory. As part of this process, the existing systems are being networked at the levels of material flow and information technology. The central IT technology used is OPC UA, and the control concept is based on skill- and service-based automation. The primary goal of the learning factory is to provide students with a learning environment that allows them to experience, master, and shape the dynamics, flexibility, and adaptability of today’s production systems in practice.
    The establishment of the learning factory is part of the THU-wide THUProf4.0 project, which is funded by the BMBF’s “FH-Personal” program and includes a chair in this field as well as research staff.

    Project Leader: Prof. Dr. Sven Völker

  2. Development of an Industry 4.0 Demonstrator:

    In this joint project with the Institute for Manufacturing Technology and Materials Testing, Department of Automation Technology, an Industry 4.0 demonstration facility is being developed.The physical production and logistics processes are implemented using fischertechnik components mounted on two of the three tables of the modular system at the top level.
    Key elements here include processing stations, conveyor belts, gantry cranes, and a high-bay warehouse. The components are controlled by real PLCs and communication components, whose software is being developed as part of the project and incorporates findings from research on skill- and service-oriented production control. An operator workstation on the third module rounds out the package.
    To date, the project has been advanced through more than 10 student projects and theses. The demonstrator is one of the use cases in a doctoral dissertation on service- and skill-based production control at the institute (doctoral candidate: Mr. A. Lober).

    Project Leader: Prof. Dr.-Ing. Hartwig Baumgärtel
    Collaboration Partner: Prof. Dr.-Ing. Lisa Ollinger (THU, IFW Institute)

  3. Life Cycle Assessment of Value Chains for Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (LCA4All):

    The research project runs from October 2024 to March 2026. It is a transfer project conducted in cooperation between the Ulm University of Applied Sciences and the company Valantic Supply Chain Excellence GmbH.​

    The project is funded by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research and is part of the DATI initiative. The DATIpilot funding guideline promotes the transfer of knowledge from research to practical application, generates new approaches to addressing societal challenges, and yields important insights for fostering innovation and knowledge transfer as well as for the development of DATI.​In this research project, publicly funded by the BMBF under the DATIpilot program, a process model and a system platform for life cycle assessment for SMEs are being developed.

    ​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​We want to provide support to SMEs because…
    The Act on Corporate Due Diligence in Supply Chains entails a reporting obligation (ESG reporting). Until now, this was mandatory only for large companies, but starting with the 2025 financial statements, companies with more than 250 employees must also demonstrate where they stand and how they intend to develop: They must supplement their annual reports with information on environmental, social, and governance (ESG) factors. But it’s not just company size that triggers this reporting requirement; many SMEs are suppliers and are already facing these supply chain demands—and they’re finding it challenging. Life cycle assessments are time-consuming to prepare; the DIN 14040 standard outlines the procedure. And this is where we’d like to help with this website:

    Our mission...
    The “LCA4All” project aims to enable small and medium-sized manufacturing companies (SMEs) to determine the environmental footprint of their products within extensive supply chains and identify opportunities for reduction. The core idea of the LCA4All project is to translate the current state of research on Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) into practical application and to develop and test innovative LCA software in companies that is tailored to the needs of SMEs for conducting LCAs within their supply chains. In addition, a guide for the practical implementation of LCA will be developed and validated in companies serving as transfer partners.

    Further information on the LCA4All project

    Project Leader: Prof. Dr. Sebastian Geier
    ​​​​​​Visit the project website www.lca4all.de​

  4. Development of a learning environment for independent, guided learning of data science methods (machine learning) using the KNIME software within a consistent business context:

    This project is based on a fictional company, “Lichtgestalten GmbH,” which sells lighting systems and also manufactures components for them in-house. Within the context of this company, numerous different tasks have been identified for which machine learning methods offer effective solutions. The data required for these tasks is based in part on anonymized data from a real company, though its industry and identity have been obscured.
    A series of 11 guided exercises was developed on methods such as ABC-XYZ analysis, classification using decision trees, linear and polynomial regression, and clustering—from application areas such as sales (customer analysis), production (predictive maintenance, quality control), and distribution (design of a distribution network) at “Lichtgestalten GmbH.” These exercises can be completed using the no-code analytics platform KNIME . Instructions and descriptions of varying levels of detail are provided for each exercise. A learning path was defined for the entire process. A large portion of the tasks was validated through their use in a course by evaluating learning journals. The company KNIME has supported the project continuously since 2022.

    Project Leader: Prof. Dr.-Ing. Hartwig Baumgärtel

  5. Development of digital twins for laboratory systems and concepts for virtual commissioning:

    Based on methods and tools for simulation, emulation, service-oriented communication, and more, digital twins of laboratory systems—such as the automated small-parts warehouse (AKL), the overhead conveyor system, and the Industry 4.0 demonstrator—are created and networked with their physical counterparts.

    Project Leader: Prof. Dr. Sven Völker

Publications

  • Weber, Jakob; Baumgärtel, Hartwig; Völker, Sven. "A Flexible Learning Factory Based on Production Control by Collaborative Digital Twins." 16th Conference on Learning Factories, Bolzano, Italy, May 2026, to be published
  • Verkhov, Alexander; Lober, Andreas; Baumgärtel, Hartwig; and Ollinger, Lisa. "Semantic Integration of FMEA Knowledge into Manufacturing Control: A Runtime Exception Handling Framework," 25th International Conference on Control, Automation and Systems (ICCAS 2025), Incheon, Korea, November 2025.
  • Lober, Andreas; Verkhov, Alexander; Baumgärtel, Hartwig, and Ollinger, Lisa. "A Modular Knowledge Base Concept for Dynamic Control Logic Design for Adaptive Manufacturing," 2025 IEEE 30th International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation (ETFA), Porto, 2025, DOI:10.1109/ETFA65518.2025.11205704
  • Lober, Andreas; Weber, Jakob; Baumgärtel, Hartwig, and Ollinger, Lisa. "Skill Orchestration Agent: A Knowledge-Driven Orchestration Framework for Adaptive Manufacturing Control," 2025 IEEE 21st International Conference on Automation Science and Engineering (CASE), Los Angeles, CA, USA, 2025, pp. 2921–2928, doi: 10.1109/CASE58245.2025.11163862
  • Lober, Andreas; Lehmann, Joel; Weber, Jakob; Reichwald, Julian; Ollinger, Lisa; Völker, Sven; Baumgärtel, Hartwig. Agent-Based Redesign and Reinterpretation of OPC UA Design Strategies for Flexible, Capability-Based Production. at - Automation Technology 72(3):233–258, 2024
  • Baumgärtel, Hartwig; Lober, Andreas; Ollinger, Lisa; Völker, Sven. Digital Twin-Supported Warehouse 5.0—A Practical Path Toward Smart Warehousing. In: Glock, Christoph; Grosse, Eric. Warehousing 5.0: Managing the Transition from Techno-Focused to Human-Value-Centric Intralogistics. ISBN: 979-8873704354. Independent. 2024
  • Lehmann, Joel; Lober, Andreas; Häußermann, Tim; Rache, Alessa; Baumgärtel, Hartwig; Reichwald, Julian. Domain-Agnostic Intelligent Digital Twins: Merging Application-Near Knowledge Representations with the Proactive Internet of Digital Twins (IoDT). Lecture Notes in Informatics (LNI) - Proceedings, Volume P-337 (NFORMATIK 2023 - Designing Futures), pp. 1725–1738. Gesellschaft für Informatik e.V., Berlin, 2023
  • Lober, Andreas; Lehmann, Joel; Reichwald, Julian; Ollinger, Lisa; Baumgärtel, Hartwig. Flexible Skill-based Production Systems through Novel OPC UA Design Approaches. IFAC-PapersOnLine Vol. 56 Issue 2, pp. 3654–3659, Elsevier, 2023
  • Lehmann, Joel; Lober, Andreas; Häußermann, Tim; Rache, Alessa; Ollinger, Lisa; Baumgärtel, Hartwig, and Reichwald, Julian. The Anatomy of the Internet of Digital Twins: A Symbiosis of Agent and Digital Twin Paradigms Enhancing Resilience (not only) in Manufacturing Environments. In: Grieves, M; Vickers, J.: MDPI Machines, Special Issue on Advances in Digital Twins for Manufacturing, ISSN 2075-1702, 2023
  • Lober, Andreas; Ollinger, Lisa; Völker, Sven; Baumgärtel, Hartwig. Toward Logistics 4.0: A Skill-Based OPC UA Communication Between the WMS and the PLC of an Automated Storage and Retrieval System. International Conference on Industrial Logistics, Zagreb, 2023
  • Baumgärtel, Hartwig; Lober, Andreas; Som, Johannes; Völker, Sven; Ollinger, Lisa. Design of a WMS with OPC UA-Based Control of an Automated Rack Storage System as a Study Project in Computer Science and Proof-of-Concept for Skill-Based Engineering. IALF 13th Conference on Learning Factories. Reutlingen, May 2023
  • Lober, Andreas; Lehmann, Joel; Häußermann, Tim; Reichwald, Julian; Baumgärtel, Hartwig: Improving the Engineering Process of Control Systems Based on Digital Twin Specifications. The 4th IEEE International Conference on Emerging Trends in Electrical, Electronic, and Communications Engineering (IEEE ELECOM), November 2022
  • Lehmann, Joel; Lober, Andreas; Rache, Alessa; Baumgärtel, Hartwig; and Reichwald, Julian. Collaboration of Semantically Enriched Digital Twins Based on a Marketplace Approach. In Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Wireless Networks and Mobile Systems – WINSYS, ISBN 978-989-758-592-0
  • Baumgärtel, Hartwig; Bischof, Daniel: "Integrated Production Lot Scheduling and Transportation Planning for Vendor-Managed Inventory in Industrial B2B Supply Relationships with Customer-Specific Production"; International Conference on Operations Research OR2021, Bern, August/September 2021
  • Baumgärtel, Hartwig; Moder, Patrick; Ramzy, Nour; Ehm, Hans: “Service-Based Semiconductor Manufacturing Using the Digital Reference Ontology for Global Service Discovery,” IECON 2020—46th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society, Singapore (online), October 2020, pp. 4533–4540, ISBN 978-1-7281-5414-5, IEEE, 2020, link
  • Lober, Andreas; Baumgärtel, Hartwig: “Semantic Service Discovery in Heterogeneous Cyber-Physical Systems,” Proceedings of the Hamburg International Conference on Logistics (HICL), Hamburg (online), October 2020
  • Sipsas, Konstantinos; Zalonis, Andreas; Broechler, Raimund; Baumgärtel, Hartwig; Ehm, Hans: “A platform application for exploiting the Digital Reference Ontology,” IEEE Conference on Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems (ICPS), Tampere (online), June 2020, pp. 557–562, ISBN 978-1-7281-6389-5, IEEE, 2020, link
  • Baumgärtel, H., R. Verbeet: "Service and Agent-Based System Architectures for Industry 4.0," IEEE/IFIP Network Operations and Management Symposium (NOMS) 2020, Workshop on Management for Industry 4.0; Budapest (online), May 2020, ISBN 978-1-7281-4973-8, link
  • Verbeet, R., H. Baumgärtel: "Implementation of Autonomous Industry 4.0 Systems with BDI Agents," in Bauernhansl, T., M. ten Hompel, B. Vogel-Heuser: “Handbook of Industry 4.0,” 3rd ed., Springer, 2020, link
  • Baumgärtel, H., R. Verbeet: “Service- and Agent-Based Approaches for Industry 4.0 Systems”; in Bauernhansl, T., M. ten Hompel, B. Vogel-Heuser: "Handbook of Industry 4.0," 3rd edition, Springer, 2020, link
  • Moder, P., H. Ehm, H. Baumgärtel, N. Ramzy: “The Semantic Web—Enabler of Industry 4.0,” in Bauernhansl, T., M. ten Hompel, B. Vogel-Heuser: “Handbook of Industry 4.0,” 3rd edition, Springer, 2020, link
  • Fay, A., F. Gelhoff, M. Seitz, B. Vogel-Heuser, H. Baumgärtel, C. Diedrich, A. Lüder, T. Schöler, G. Sutschet, R. Verbeet: “Agents for Implementing Industry 4.0,” VDI Status Report by the VDI/VDE Society for Measurement and Automation Technology, Technical Committee 5.15; VDI; 2019; link
  • Baumgärtel, H.: “Importance of the Three Pillars DP, SCN, and PLM and Their Combination,” Productive4.0 Project Consortium, 2nd review, June 2019
  • Baumgärtel, H., H. Ehm, S. Laaouane, J. Gerhardt, A. Kasprzik: "Collaboration in Supply Chains for the Development of CPS Enabled by Semantic Web Technologies," 14th International Conference on Modeling and Analysis of Semiconductor Manufacturing (MASM) at the Winter Simulation Conference 2018, Gothenburg, December 2018, pp. 3627–3638, ISBN 978-1-5386-6572-5, IEEE, 2018
  • Baumgärtel, Hartwig: "How Can Semantic Web Technologies Be Utilized for Interorganizational Communication and Cooperation in Supply Chain Networks, and What Steps Must Be Taken to Achieve This?", Workshop of the ZVEI Working Group on SCM, December 7, 2017, Frankfurt am Main, link
  • Baumgärtel, H., Kunze, O., Rosemeier, S., Neitmann, A. Dynamic Truck Meeting—a blueprint for the coordination of different autonomous IT systems in a dynamic, complex, and stochastic environment. In the 6th International Symposium on Logistics (ISSL), Hamburg, June 2012
  • Kunze, O.; Baumgärtel, H.; Neitmann, A.; Rosemeier, S. Dynamic Truck Meeting (DTM)—A Process and Interface Standard for Implementing Dynamic Encounter Traffic Using Dispatch and Telematics Systems. Volume I – Process Standard, KIT Scientific Report 7613, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, March 2012. ISBN 978-3-86644-850-6
  • Baumgärtel, H.; Kunze, O.; Rosemeier, S.; Neitmann, A.. Dynamic Truck Meeting (DTM)—A Process and Interface Standard for Implementing Dynamic Two-Way Traffic Using Dispatch and Telematics Systems. Volume II – Interface Standard, KIT Scientific Report 7614, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, March 2012. ISBN 978-3-86644-851-3